手机钝角网

首页 外交 大国 周边 新兴国家 安全 经济 七洲志 读书 国际周评


日本市民参与环境保护活动的历史

关键词:

来源:一览扶桑 2018-03-30 10:57:06

日本市民参与环境保护活动的历史

作者:星野智子

在日本的环境NGO中有很多是因这些事件和会议而成立的团体。

责任编辑:

日本市民参与环境保护活动的历史

关键词:

来源:一览扶桑 2018-03-30 10:57:06

日本市民参与环境保护活动的历史

作者:星野智子

在日本的环境NGO中有很多是因这些事件和会议而成立的团体。

第二次世界大战之后,经济高速增长时期,众多的经济活动使人们的生活富裕了,但生产活动的增加造成了严重的污染,各地都发生了严峻的公害问题及反公害运动。富山县神通川痛痛病、四日市哮喘、熊本水俣病、新潟水俣病等相继发生,从1955年左右开始到20世纪70年代中期的经济高速增长时期,救济受害者和恢复生活的居民运动得到发展。

此后,以70年代的石油危机为契机,经济由高速增长期进入低速增长期,产业公害转为城市、生活型公害,发生了河川污染、化学烟雾、垃圾、生活废水、汽车尾气等问题,居民保卫生活、保护健康的运动更加活跃。各地还发生了因国土开发而造成的自然环境破坏等问题,于是,兴起了反对建设水库、河坝运动。在这种背景下,1972年6月在瑞典召开了联合国人类环境会议(斯德哥尔摩会议)。在第二次世界大战后的经济发展过程中,在世界各地,资源枯竭和公害污染都成为社会题,《增长的极限》(罗马俱乐部)就是在这一时期发表的。日本的水俣病患者也出席了斯德哥尔摩会议,并在会上控诉了公害的悲惨状况。

以这次会议为契机,联合国把6月5日定为"世界环境日",日本把6月定为"环境月",每年都在各地举办宣传教育活动。

从20世纪80年代开始,臭氧层破坏、海洋污染、酸雨、地球变暖等全球性问题日益严重,诞生了致力于开展这方面活动的国际性NGO。在全球性课题日益严峻的情况下,1992年在巴西里约热内卢召开了地球峰会,就是从这次会议开始签署了《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《生物多样性公约》。同时,还通过了构建可持续发展的全球范围新型伙伴关系的《里约宣言》以及落实这一宣言中各项原则的《21世纪议程》《关于森林问题的原则声明》,为推动全球环境保护建立了基本框架。

《21世纪议程》提到了市民、NGO的参与及伙伴关系的重要性,1996年10月环境厅(当时)与联合国大学创设了全球环境拓展机构,此后,一直支持NGO活动,创造对话的机会,协调企业与行政机构的关系,接受咨询,提供场所等,支持国内外伙伴关系的拓展及开展相关活动。

在日本的环境NGO中有很多是因上述事件和会议而成立的团体。除此以外,还可以列举以下相关事件。

1992年召开地球峰会(巴西)

1993年制定环境基本法,创立"地球环境基金"

1994年成立C's(制定支持市民活动制度之会)

1995年阪神淡路大地震(志愿者元年、NPO/NGO的社会认知度提高)

1995年召开北京妇女大会

1996年创设全球环境拓展机构;成立日本NPO中心;举办水俣病东京展

1997年召开COP3(防止全球变暖的京都会议)(京都);成立气候论坛(后来设立"气候网络")

1998年实施NPO法(成立NPO法人、市民活动中心等多家中间支持组织)

200年召开联合国千年发展目标峰会

2002年召开约翰内斯堡峰会(南非);100万人烛光夜,制定氟利昂回收破坏法

2003年召开"可持续发展教育(ESD)10年"推进会议;制定环境保护活动、环境教育推进法

2005年爱知世博会上市民参加的项目"地球市民村"

2008年召开北海道洞爷湖峰会G8峰会NGO论坛

2010年召开《生物多样性公约》第10次缔约方会议(COP10,名古屋)

2011年"联合国生物多样性10年"启动,国际森林年

2012年联合国可持续发展会议(UNCSD,"里约+20")(巴西)

2014年关于ESD的联合国教科文组织世界会议(名古屋)

2015年可持续发展峰会(纽约),通过可持续发展目标(SDGs)

本文节选自笹川日中友好基金"中国课题·日本经验"系列丛书之《日本环境问题:改善与经验》,社会科学文献出版社。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        

收藏 分享

声明:凡注明来源"钝角网"文章的,转载请注明出处、作者、原文链接。本网站作为互联网言论交流平台,所刊发文章并不代表本站立场。
参与评论